Before the third and last Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which occurred in 1795, each of the main constituent regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth- Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Lithuania, and Royal Prussia-was sometimes idiosyncratically referred to as a "Province" ( prowincja). Some writers argue against rendering województwo in English as province, on historic grounds. The latter is a loanword- calque hybrid formed on the Polish województwo. More commonly used now is province or voivodeship. The term " palatine" traces back to the Latin palatinus. Some English-language sources, in historic contexts, speak of palatinate s rather than voivodeships. Voivodeships are further divided into powiats ('counties') and gminas ('communes' or 'municipalities'), the smallest administrative divisions of Poland. The new units range in area from under 10,000 km 2 (3,900 sq mi) ( Opole Voivodeship) to over 35,000 km 2 (14,000 sq mi) ( Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from nearly one million (Opole Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship).Īdministrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode ( wojewoda), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive board ( zarząd województwa) chosen by that assembly, headed by a voivodeship marshal ( marszałek województwa). Today's voivodeships are mostly named after historical and geographical regions, while those prior to 1998 generally took their names from the cities on which they were centered. These 16 replaced the 49 former voivodeships that had existed from 1 July 1975, and bear a greater resemblance (in territory, but not in name) to the voivodeships that existed between 19. The Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998, which went into effect on 1 January 1999, reduced the number of voivodeships to sixteen. The term has been in use since the 14th century and is commonly translated into English as " province". A voivodeship ( / ˈ v ɔɪ v oʊ d ʃ ɪ p/ VOY-vohd-ship Polish: województwo ⓘ plural: województwa) is the highest-level administrative division of Poland, corresponding to a province in many other countries.
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